Role of Courts in Fulfilling the Objectives of the Human Rights Act 19 Research Paper

Role of Courts in Fulfilling the Objectives of the Human Rights Act 1998 - Research Paper Example The author of the paper states that the discrepancy created, in determining as to who constitutes a public authority, by the UK courts has adversely affected human rights protection. The failure of the courts to properly utilize the mandate given to them by Parliament, in this context, has proved to be unfair and biased towards individuals; thereby violating the provisions of the Human Rights Act 1998. As such the present status of the case law, in this regard, has proved to be irreconcilable with the objectives set out by Parliament. The Courts have been interpreting the provisions of section 6(3) (b) in a narrow way so that most of the organizations are not covered by the definition of Public Authority. The result is that the rights provided by the European Convention are not being implemented properly. Furthermore, courts are determining whether a regulatory body can be considered as a public authority, under the purview of s 6(3)(b), Human Rights Act, on the basis of their instit utional position. In the Aston Cantlow case, the House of Lords had opined that there was a need to adopt a different approach while dealing with important public authorities. This new approach was to be different from that adopted in cases involving functional agencies. Under Section 6(1) of the Human Rights Act, such core public authorities have to invariably ensure that the rights provided by the Convention are respected in their activities, irrespective of public or private activities. Section 6(3) (b) of the Human Rights Act stipulates that the core authorities are under an obligation to ensure that the rights of Convention had been adhered to in their public functions. According to Lord Hope, there should be a clear demarcation between the public and private functions of core authorities, as required by Section 6(3) (b) of the Human Rights Act. This particular section has wide applicability and is dependent to a large extent on the various factors involved in any particular ca se. The function performed by any particular authority determines whether that authority is a core public authority.

Neonatal Intensive Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Neonatal Intensive Care - Essay Example Heat may be lost by water evaporation from the skin of the infant, and this is especially likely immediately after delivery. Nursing strategies can address each of these mechanisms. Taking the case of healthy term infants, the most suitable ideal strategy would be to wrap the term infant in warm blankets and to place them into the mothers' arms. The neonate should be dried completely to prevent evaporative heat loss. The neonate can be placed in a preheated radiant warmer immediately after delivery. A water impervious blanket can prevent evaporative heat loss. Cold oxygen from mask blowing over the neonate's skin should be prevented. Once stabilized, the neonate should be transferred to convection warmed incubator since radiant warmer cannot prevent convection heat loss (Sauer PJJ et al., 1984). Most preterm infants usually present with typical signs and symptoms of respiratory distress. These include retractions of the chest, grunting with breathing, rales, rhonchi, nasal flaring, and tachypnoea. Additionally, there may be tachycardia, murmurs, and cyanosis. Most preterm babies demonstrate a central cyanosis with cyanosis of the oral mucous membrane. Congenital heart disease may present with differential cyanosis with respiratory distress. There may be associated hypertension or hypotension. There may be hyperpnoea of deep unlaboured breathing or rapid and shallow breathing. There may be disease specific signs and symptoms. Clinically, the onset of massive pulmonary hemorrhage is heralded by sudden deterioration of the infant with hypotension, pallor, cyanosis, bradycardia, or apnea. Pink or red frothy liquid drains from the mouth. There can be periodic breathing, defined as recurrent sequences of pauses in respiration lasting 5 to 10 seconds followed by 10 to 15 seconds o f rapid respiration. Apnoeic episodes are cessation of respiration for 15 to 20 seconds, frequently complicated by cyanosis, pallor, or bradycardia. Small preterm infants exhibit these systemic responses more readily than do more mature infants, even when the apnea is shorter. Bradycardia can be observed during apnoea (Behrman RE et al., 2002). Causes 1. Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). 2. Bacterial pneumonia/sepsis 3. Pneumothorax (generally follows initiation of respiratory support, but may occur spontaneously). 4. Pulmonary hemorrhage: more common in preterm infants (specially those with those with respiratory distress syndrome) 5. Congenital pulmonary hypoplasia. Activity 3: Hypoglycaemia in the Newborn Perturbations in glucose metabolism after birth, caused by failure to adapt to the extrauterine environment as a result of either alterations in maternal metabolism or intrinsic metabolic problems in the neonate, often result in hypoglycaemia. Although a consensus regarding cutoff values for hypoglycemia has not been reached, most investigators would consider a plasma glucose concentration of lower than 36 mg/dL to be low when it requires intervention, in a full-term neonate 2 to 3 hours after birth. Care should be taken in interpreting glucose values during the transition period of the first 2 to 3 hours after birth, when the plasma glucose concentration may drop to low levels followed by spontaneous improvement. If low glucose levels are observed during this time, frequent glucose determinations