Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 29

Education - Essay Example The ratio of teachers to students is very unfair and the slow students needing specialized attention in classrooms find themselves with the greatest struggles (Vlachou, 87). We were around 60 children in one class with only one teacher who did not even know the names of all of us. In the private school were only twenty five and hence the teacher-student ratio was equal enabling the teachers to pay much closer attention to our education. This therefore means that increasing the number of teachers will bridge the existing gap hence enabling teachers to pay more attention to students (Nozaki, Luke & Openshaw 116). In terms of access to research and other educational material, institutions of education should seek institutional subscription which will then grant access to the materials to their students. As for the ratio of teachers to students, the state and federal government should put an effort to hire more teachers as the resources are available within each state. I struggled in my earlier educational years and these are the same struggles that most children in the public school system are undergoing to get quality education. If only I had gotten into a class with smaller number of students from the onset of my education, I would have performed much better and I would be in a better place or even in a better career than I am currently in. I would not have struggled so much with my education as a grown up as I have had to do. When I get quality education, I am bound to have more opportunities in life to choose from as I will be learned with various skills and increased knowledge within me. The higher the educational level I attain, the more skills I acquire and hence the more the job opportunities. Since I will have knowledge from getting quality education, I can even become self-employed as the skills to start my own business. Educational background means having a strong foundation in whatever area one wants to

Eastern Kentucky moder Essay Example for Free

Eastern Kentucky moder Essay In today’s most modern and challenging world, struggling for your professional career is a complex task for every individual. At the initial, when we realize that every thing in this changing world of business and commerce industry is pretty much depending on technological innovations, but we also cannot deny the traditional style of our business and industry leaders. In this scenario, an individual who is not pretty much aware of all the facts, finds it difficult to select his field for future profession, though even at this part of life, we may also realize the importance of leadership skills in every aspect of our life. While the decision seems much complicated to take on, at the same place Eastern Kentucky University is the only gateway for me that ensure my future success in the professional career. At EKU a wide range of opportunities, activities and events designed to enhance my experiences. Apart from studies, concerts, movies, comedians and other activities at campus will help me to develop myself how to keep every aspect of human desire and how to calendar my timetable that would ultimately lead to develop my leadership skills. What most I felt to be impressed is their mission to enhance the quality of life of students by supporting the Universitys commitment to the academic success and holistic development of each individual student. It fosters intellectual, physical, and social development through programs and direct services which challenge and support students as they develop attitudes, abilities and skills for life-long learning within an ever-changing global environment. Eastern Kentucky University, founded in 1906 with a faculty of seven in 1909, when the first commencement was held, 11 people received degrees. Over the last century, they have grown to a full-fledged comprehensive university offering 168 degree programs and serving more than 15,000 students a year. This is a regional, coeducational, public institution of higher education offering general and liberal arts programs, pre-professional and professional training in education and various other fields at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. Located in Richmond, Madison County, Kentucky, Eastern has a distinguished record of almost a century of educational service to the Commonwealth. Finally, at EKU you get the best return of what you spend by getting an very well internationally recognized degree by further enjoying best experiences of your life. The experience at EKU are ever wondering to each student even on individual level. Their best teaching and learning methods will develop me to become a leader in my certain category. I wont be just a face in the crowd when it comes to campus life, either. Theres always something going on to capture my interest and help me make new friends. I can get involved in one of the 175 student organizations, play intramural sports, try out for a play or a musical group whatever everyone’s interests are, theres something there for everyone. Resources: http://www.eku.edu

Toomers Seventh Street, Depicts Life and Issues in the Prohibition Per

Toomer's Seventh Street, Depicts Life and Issues in the Prohibition Period Toomer captures very deep thoughts in his writing in fairly simple language. The way he works his ideas into the text is amazing. In "Seventh Street," an excerpt from his larger work, Cane, Toomer blends ethnic ideas together while speaking about issues that involve the whole public spectrum. He begins with a four-line verse that draws the reader in and helps him to visualize the setting. Money burns the pocket, pocket hurts, Bootleggers in silken shirts, Ballooned, zooming Cadillacs, Whizzing, whizzing down the street-car tracks. The world Toomer is speaking about seems very busy and fast-paced. He uses street imagery to create the feeling of excitement and energy. In these first few lines of text, he brings up the topic of Prohibition indirectly. He talks of how the bootleggers, those who find a way to get their hands on alcohol and then sell it illegally, are quite wealthy and drive up and down Seventh Street in their Cadillacs with their nice clothes and their money almost burning holes in their pockets. The last line is significant in that he makes the point that they are driving down the street-car tracks in Cadillacs. It seems as though he is making the distinction between the elite and the people of lesser means. In the beginning of the prose section, Toomer describes Seventh Street as the "bastard of Prohibition and the War." Seventh Street is a product of Prohibition and World War I merged together. He goes on to describe how Prohibition and World War I affect the events and the people who live on this street. The people feel as if too many rights are being taken away from them with the onset of... ... forbid! A black God!" Toomer says God would call for the Judgment Day, as if the world would be over, if our God were a black God and it would be time to end everything. However, in all reality God should not be stereotyped the way we stereotype everything else. I believe Toomer is trying to make the point that we cannot place stipulations on God and His appearance when we have never seem Him with our own eyes. Toomer ends the work with the same four-line verse with which he drew his reader in. I believe the prose section deepens the meaning of the verse and by ending with it, he reminds us of what exactly he was writing about in the beginning. It almost shows the difference between appearance and reality. The irony of it all is that the verse shows how their lifestyle appears and the prose section describes the way life really is on Seventh Street.

My Writing Style Essay -- Writing Education Teaching Essays

My Writing Style We all have a style, and it would seem that I wouldn't know another style, better than I know my own. However, I really wasn't aware that every circumstance causes me to change my 'style' accordingly. It seems that we are all just actors and actresses, playing various social roles, and yet we think we are being our 'self'. There were times when I was really nervous, perhaps before a job interview or meeting new people, and my mom would say , " don't be nervous, just go and be your self." The 'self' is an integration of the social roles we play and it is complex because we change our behaviors and our perceptions as situations dictate. The line you just read, illustrated an official writing 'self' that I slip into because it's still such a habit to write in the official style. Let me assure you this is quite frustrating. Anyway, now that I know what my 'self' is, the advice above seems worthless. Realistically, I am always my 'self', otherwise, who else would I be? Often times, I realize that I am not sincere while I am talking with people. My insincere 'self', is the style which surfaces more often than I like to admit, especially while I am at work. At work, customer after customer goes through my checkout line, and I greet each one with a polite and courteous, "Hi, how are you today?" The customers must think I care and want to know how they are actually doing, because some of them share with me, even the smallest details about their life story. To this, I usually say, "Oh, that's good," or if they have just enlightening run-down on how crummy life is, I will reply, "I'm sorry to hear that," in a very sympathetic way of course. During encounters with customers like this, I am often thinking; I have to g... ...h beyond the rigid theme writing stipulations. I continue to struggle with avoiding the know-it-all voice and style which still continues to naturally falls on the page. It's a style composed primarily of official sounding latinate words, and often it doesn't get across what I am trying to say in my writing. I think that the best way to defeat this style, is to continue to write as if I were engaged in a conversation. I realize now that good work isn't' t always defined by how eloquent it sounds. I have also realized that I don't even like reading what I write most of the time because I don't like to be talked at. I would rather read a paper which sounds less condescending, and one which sounds more like the paper is sharing ideas. I would rather write papers which reflect more of my 'self' and as for my conversations, well, I can't help being my 'self' if I tried. My Writing Style Essay -- Writing Education Teaching Essays My Writing Style We all have a style, and it would seem that I wouldn't know another style, better than I know my own. However, I really wasn't aware that every circumstance causes me to change my 'style' accordingly. It seems that we are all just actors and actresses, playing various social roles, and yet we think we are being our 'self'. There were times when I was really nervous, perhaps before a job interview or meeting new people, and my mom would say , " don't be nervous, just go and be your self." The 'self' is an integration of the social roles we play and it is complex because we change our behaviors and our perceptions as situations dictate. The line you just read, illustrated an official writing 'self' that I slip into because it's still such a habit to write in the official style. Let me assure you this is quite frustrating. Anyway, now that I know what my 'self' is, the advice above seems worthless. Realistically, I am always my 'self', otherwise, who else would I be? Often times, I realize that I am not sincere while I am talking with people. My insincere 'self', is the style which surfaces more often than I like to admit, especially while I am at work. At work, customer after customer goes through my checkout line, and I greet each one with a polite and courteous, "Hi, how are you today?" The customers must think I care and want to know how they are actually doing, because some of them share with me, even the smallest details about their life story. To this, I usually say, "Oh, that's good," or if they have just enlightening run-down on how crummy life is, I will reply, "I'm sorry to hear that," in a very sympathetic way of course. During encounters with customers like this, I am often thinking; I have to g... ...h beyond the rigid theme writing stipulations. I continue to struggle with avoiding the know-it-all voice and style which still continues to naturally falls on the page. It's a style composed primarily of official sounding latinate words, and often it doesn't get across what I am trying to say in my writing. I think that the best way to defeat this style, is to continue to write as if I were engaged in a conversation. I realize now that good work isn't' t always defined by how eloquent it sounds. I have also realized that I don't even like reading what I write most of the time because I don't like to be talked at. I would rather read a paper which sounds less condescending, and one which sounds more like the paper is sharing ideas. I would rather write papers which reflect more of my 'self' and as for my conversations, well, I can't help being my 'self' if I tried.

Human Nature vs Personal Gain Essay

Growing, learning and becoming the best we can be are all positive steps that evolve from life experience. It is human nature that wants to succeed and contribute to society in productive ways. In the play The Crucible, written by Arthur Miller, individuals display an ugly side of human nature and are motivated by less than noble goals. Throughout the story, justice is often replaced by the desire for personal gain. Perhaps the three best reasons are greed, selfishness and betrayal. Greed is a motivating factor among many individuals in the play. At many times, John Proctor talks with Hale about Parris’s need to become rich, by gathering valuable golden candlesticks. He says, â€Å"He preach nothin’ but golden candlesticks, until he had them†¦ I think, sometimes, the man dreams cathedrals, not clapboard meetin’ houses† (Miller 65). Proctor says this to Parries to illustrate Parris’s materialistic nature and thirst for power, land and material p ossessions. Like Reverend Parris, Thomas Putnam is also greedy. Thomas uses his daughter to falsely accuse George Jacob of witchcraft. The accusation leads to the arrest and conviction of George Jacob by Judge Danforth. Giles Corey’s explains to Danforth that Mr. Putnam is dishonest and says â€Å"If Jacobs hangs for a witch he forfeit up his property- that’s law! †¦ This man is killing his neighbors for their land† (Miller 96). Thomas Putnam uses these falsifying witchcraft trails to increase his own wealth by accusing people of dealing in witchcraft, getting them convicted and then taking advantage of the situation by buying up their property. Characters like Parris and Putnam are so obsessed with greed that they do not have a conscience. Just as the evils of greed occupy Parris and Putnam, Abigail Williams is motivated by selfishness. She is vengeful, manipulative and a magnificent liar; for example, she goes into the forest at night and practises witchcraft with the other girls form the village. However, when Abigail is confronted about her disgusting behaviour, she chooses to keep  h er well respected reputation intact. Abigail denies that she was in the forest dancing that night, threatens the girls and says, â€Å"Now look you. All of you. We danced†¦ Let either of you breathe a word†¦ I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and I will bring a pointy reckoning that will shudder you† (Miller 20). She does this to also avoid being arrested. Not only does Abigail lie about witchcraft, she also stuffs the needle in the doll that Mary Warren made for Elizabeth. Cheever explains, â€Å"The girl, the Williams girl, Abigail Williams, sir. She sat to dinner in Reverend Parris’s house tonight†¦ she falls to the floor†¦ he goes to save her, and, stuck two inches in the flesh of her belly, he draw a needle out. And demandin’ of her how she come to be stabbed† (Miller 74). Abigail uses this situation to accuse Elizabeth of practising witchcraft to harm her Abigail. She does this to sabotage Elizabeth and, eventually, take her place as John Proctor’s wife. Abigail’s callousness with Elizabeth shows that her selfishness has no bounds or morals. If greed and selfish are not bad enough human characteristics, betrayal is perhaps the most cunning and provides the most false sense of security. Mary Warren accuses John Proctor of consorting with the devil and pressuring her to join him in his evil ways, which is not true. As Mary yells in anger, she says pointing at Proctor, â€Å"You’re the Devil’s man!† (Miller 118). She continues on to say â€Å"I’ll not hang with you! I love God, I love God† (118). Mary Warren’s loyalty to John Proctor is betrayed under pressure to save her own life rather than be hanged. Abigail betrays Tituba so that she does not get question by Reverend Hale. What Abigail says to Hale and Parris when she falsely accuses Tituba is â€Å"She sends her spirit on me in church; she makes me laugh at prayer!† (Miller 44). Abigail does not want to confess her practise of witchcraft in the forest with her girls at night. While in the play there is no shortage of characters willing to do the wrong thing in life, choosing to do the right thing is always the preferred path in life. Having to replace any form of righteousness (justice) with greed, selfishness or betrayal does not justify our actions or means for the end result. Each one of the characters in the crucible mention in the above paragraph have all demonstrated that some form of human nature for self rewardance was place before justice/righteousness. There are always consequences when the truth is not told. Whenever we use these actions in our character they always lead us away in the opposite  direction from our true and honest goals. Righteousness in the heart produces beauty in the character. Works Cited Miller, Arthur. The Crucible. New York: Penguin Books, 1976. Print

Anne of York, Sister of Two English Kings

Anne of York, Sister of Two English Kings Anne of York Facts Known for: sister of British kings Richard III and Edward IV; she was given control of her first husbands land and titles when he was defeated fighting against Annes brother, King Edward IV. She had ties to the houses of York and Lancaster, the protagonists in the Wars of the Roses.Dates: August 10, 1439 - January 14, 1476Also known as: Duchess of Exeter Background, Family: Mother: Cecily Neville (1411 - 1495), daughter of Ralph, earl of Westmoreland, and his second wife, Joan Beaufort. Joan was a legitimized daughter of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster and a son of King Edward III of England, by Katherine Swynford, whom John married after their children were born. Isabel Neville and Anne Neville, married to Anne of Yorks brothers, were great nieces of Cecily Neville and first cousins once removed to Anne of York and her brothers. Father: Richard, third duke of York (1411 - 1460), son of Richard of Conisbrough, fourth earl of Cambridge and Anne Mortimer, daughter of Roger Mortimer, fourth earl of March. Richard of Conisbrough was the son of Edmund of Langley, the first duke of York, who was the fourth son of Edward III and Philippa of Hainault.Anne Mortimer was the great granddaughter of Lionel of Antwerp, duke of Clarence, who was the second son of Edward III and Philippa of Hainault. In 1460, Annes father, Richard of York, attempted to take the throne from the Lancastrian Henry VI, based on this ancestry. He reached an agreement with Henry that he would succeed Henry, but shortly after was killed at the battle of Wakefield. His son Edward IV succeeded in March 1461 in toppling Henry VI on the basis of this same claim. Siblings: Joan of York (died in childhood)Henry of York (died in childhood)Edward IV of England (1442 - 1483)Edmund, Earl of Rutland (1443 - 1460)Elizabeth of York (1444 - about 1503), married John de la Pole, duke of Suffolk, who had first been married briefly, before the marriage contract  was dissolved, to Margaret Beaufort (age one or three at the time of the marriage)Margaret of York (1446 - 1503), married Charles the Bold of BurgundyWilliam of York (died in childhood)John of York (died in childhood)George, Duke of Clarence (1449 - 1478), married to Isabel Neville, sister of Anne Neville, Richard IIIs queen consortThomas of York (died in childhood)Richard III of England (1452 - 1485), married to Anne Neville, whose first husband was Edward, Prince of Wales, son of Henry VI of EnglandUrsula of York (died in childhood) Marriage, Children: First husband: Henry Holland, third duke of Exeter (1430 - 1475). Married 1447. Holland was an ally of the Lancastrians, and was a commander at Wakefield, St. Albans and the Battle of Towton. He fled to exile after the defeat at Towton. When Annes brother Edward became king, Edward gave control of Hollands estates to Anne. They formally separated in 1464 and divorced in 1472. Anne of York and Henry Holland had one child, a daughter: Anne Holland (about 1455 - between 1467 and 1474). Married Thomas Grey, first marquess of Dorset and son of Elizabeth Woodville, Edward IVs wife, by her first husband. When Edward gave control of Hollands estates to Anne of York, the estates were to go to Anne Hollands heirs. But Anne Holland died without any children. Second husband: Thomas St. Leger (about 1440 - 1483). Married 1474. Anne of York died of complications after childbirth at age 36, after bearing her only child by St. Leger, another daughter: Anne St. Leger (January 14, 1476 - April 21, 1526). Anne St. Legers heirs inherited, by an Act of Parliament in 1483, the Exeter estates which had been seized on her mothers behalf from her mothers first husband. That Act gave a part of the inheritance to Richard Grey, one of Elizabeth Woodvilles sons by her first marriage. Anne St. Leger was promised in marriage to Thomas Grey, a grandson of Elizabeth Woodville as well as the son of the widower of Anne St. Legers half-sister, Anne Holland. Anne St. Leger eventually married, instead, George Manners, twelfth baron de Ros.Among Anne St. Legers descendants was Diana, Princess of Wales. In 2012, remains thought to be those of Anne of Yorks brother, King Richard III, were discovered in Leicester; maternal line descendents of Anne of York through Anne St. Leger were used to test DNA and confirm the identity of the remains as those of the king who had died in battle. More About Anne of York: Anne of York was the older sister of two English kings, Edward IV and Richard III. Annes first husband, Henry Holland, duke of Exeter, fought successfully on the side of the Lancastrians against Annes York family at the battle of Wakefield, where Annes father and brother Edmund were killed. Holland was on the losing side at the Battle of Towton, and fled to exile, and his lands were seized by Edward IV. In 1460, Edward IV granted Anne of York her husbands lands, which were to be inherited through her daughter by Holland. That daughter, Anne Holland, was married to one of the sons of Edwards queen, Elizabeth Woodville, by her first husband, further tying the familys fortunes to the York side in the Wars of the Roses. Anne Holland died, childless, sometime after this marriage in 1466 and before 1474, at which time her husband remarried. Anne Holland was between 10 and 19 years old at her death. Anne of York had separated from Henry Holland in 1464 and obtained a divorce in 1472. Amendments before 1472 to Anne of Yorks title to the lands of her first husband made clear that the title and lands would proceed to any of Annes future children, so she may have already begun another relationship before her marriage in 1474 to Thomas St. Leger. Henry Holland drowned after falling overboard from a ship in 1475; rumors were that King Edward had ordered his death. In late 1475, Anne of York and Thomas St. Legers daughter, Anne St. Leger, was born. Anne of York died in January, 1476, of complications of the childbirth. Anne of Yorks Daughter, Anne St. Leger Anne St. Leger, at sixteen weeks old, was already contracted in marriage to Thomas Grey, who was a grandson of Elizabeth Woodville and the son of Anne St. Legers half-sisters widower. Edward IV won an Act of Parliament in 1483 declaring Anne St. Leger the heiress of the Exeter estate and titles, with some of the estate also passing to Richard Grey, another of Elizabeth Woodvilles sons from her first marriage. This Act of Parliament was unpopular with the public, one more example of the favors given to Elizabeth Woodvilles family, and may have contributed to Edward IVs downfall. Anne St. Leger, Anne of Yorks only surviving daughter, never married Thomas Grey. When her uncle, Richard III, ovrthrew her other uncle, Edward IV, he tried to marry Anne St. Leger to Henry Stafford, duke of Buckingham. There were also rumors he wanted to marry Anne to his own son, Edward. Thomas St. Leger took part in a rebellion against Richard III. When that failed, he was captured and executed in November, 1483. After the defeat of Richard III and accession of Henry VII, Anne St. Leger married George Manners, twelfth baron de Ros. They had eleven children. Five of the daughters and one of the sons married. Another Anne of York A niece of Anne of York, the daughter of Annes brother Edward IV, was also called Anne of York. The younger Anne of York was the countess of Surrey and lived from 1475 to 1511. She married Thomas Howard, third duke of Norfolk. Anne of York, countess of Surrey, took part in the christenings of her nephew, Arthur Tudor, and of her niece, Margaret Tudor, children of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. The children of Anne of York, countess of Surrey, all predeceased her.

Research Paper on Polymer Chemistry

Research Paper on Polymer Chemistry Example Research Paper on Polymer Chemistry: Introduction Polymerization refers to a chemical reaction that results in bonding of two monomers to form a polymer (Tarle, 435). A polymer molecule is made up of hundreds, thousands, or even millions of atoms joined together to form a chain with an extended length at least an order of magnitude greater than its thickness (Peacock Calhoun, 2006). Polymers have variations of molecular weight (length), branching, steric configuration, interconnections and chemical defects (Tarle, 435). A polymer is made up of many elements. One can consider a polymer as a thread with every link of this string forming a fundamental unit which is in turn made of hydrogen, carbon, silicon and oxygen(Tarle, 435). They are mostly made up of hydrocarbons though other elements such as Sulphur, nitrogen and chlorine may also be found(Carraher Charles, 2). The molecules are held together by covalent bonds that are branched, linear, or networked to form the polymeric material (Carraher Charles, 2). While most polymers have carbon as their backbone, others have silicon as the main element holding the polymer (Carraher Charles, 2). . The history of polymerization The science of polymerisation began way back in the 19th century where alumina-silica glass and phosphoric acid was widely applied to fill dentures (Carraher Charles, 2). . However, the compounds had very poor mechanical properties and high solubility. This meant that they were not particularly suited in sensitive applications such as dentistry. Later in the mid 20th century, acrylic resins replaced the silica compounds as the only synthetic material (Carraher Charles, 2). These comprised of polymethylmethacrylate compounds that had higher polymerization shrinkage than the former (Carraher Charles, 2). Despite their superiority, bonding was difficult. Also, they were known to cause periodontitis and pulpitis (Carraher Charles, 2). An improved orthophosphoric-acid compound was invented by Michael Buonocore. It had high adhesive capability but was not enough for specialised applications such as tooth replacement . Rafael Bowen’s developed a monomer in 1962 that greatly impro ved on the physical properties of the acrylic (Peacock Calhoun, 26). He combined the acrylic resins with epoxy resulting in an aesthetic composite with greatly improved physical properties (Peacock Calhoun, 26).. However, it required mixing with base paste, colors and catalyst thereby making it prone to mixing errors in processing. Calling it BIS-GMA resin (coined from glycidyl methacrylate diluted with glycol dimethacrylate and bisphenol A) he combined it with glass beads thereby making a hydrolytically unstable composite (Peacock Calhoun, 26). This necessitated further work on the same. Eventually, a combination of fillers and resins, added to several cross linked polymer chains like ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate produced a successful dental composite in the 1970s (Peacock Calhoun, 26). Composites solved the problem of mixing errors as polymerisation could be done by electromagnetic radiation (Peacock Calhoun, 26). Unfortunately, the particles were too large and restricted to only four colors. Besides, the resins were difficult to polish and the etching techniques, which required the use of acid, damaged the teeth (Peacock Calhoun, 26). The resins were replaced with composites in the 1980s. These brought about better aesthetics but could fracture when exposed to high tension (Peacock Calhoun, 26). Usage in dentistry and photo-polymerisation The process by which monomers form polymers is called polymerization. This occurs by one or two basic reactions namely addition and/or condensation. During addition polymerization, monomers are usually linked together to form a long, three dimensional polymer chain. On the other hand, polymer condensation involves small molecules being released to form small polymers chains. In the first steps of formation, the monomers double bond is broken (called curing) by means of heat, light or addition of other compounds (chemicals) (Peacock Calhoun, 26). The curing effect of a polymer is caused by presence of a photoinitiator (Vandewalle et al 300). This is a molecule that absorbs light and then spurs a chemical reaction that results in polymerisation. Once a photo-initiator absorbs light (mostly a carbonyl group with nonbonding electrons that can be promoted to an anti-bonding orbital) of an appropriate wavelength, an overlap of positive and negative atomic orbitals thereby forming a polymer chain (Vandewalle et al 300). As noted, dental Composites can be cured by use of three means namely use of chemical, heat and light(Vandewalle et al 300).. These three elements result in production of free radicals that result in polymerisation. According to Micali and Basting (2004) such factors as light density, intensity of light source, and exposure and wavelength duration affect the amount of free radicals generated. The energy in these elements is paramount in determining the degree of cure and of flexural strength. Peutzfeldt Asmussen (2005) asserts that the degree of cure and mechanical properties rises with increase in energy density. These parameters have to be adequate to facilitate compete polymerization. If not, then the materials will be of poor physical properties and hence sustain premature failure. Micali and Basting (2004) assert that the clinical performance of composite resins is greatly influenced by the quality of the light-curing unit used in photo-polymerisation. Mahn (2010) explains that composites which are not adequately irradiated, both in terms of quality and quality of light often result in increased bacterial colonization which reduces their bond strength, inferior physical properties, excessive wear and possible bulk fracture, postoperative sensitivity due to dissolution of uncured resin and recurrent caries at the interface (Mahn, 21). Composites are specially suited for dental applications for a variety of reasons. Due to their tendency to withstand tension and high temperature, they are able to match the performance of natural teeth save for sensitivity. Composites can also be made to match the colour of the teeth. The polymer binders used to fill teeth improve their strength and polarization. Practically more than one monomer is mixed at different ratios to get an appropriate and easy to use thickness. A curing light from either halogen lights, light emitting diodes or plasma arc curing lights is beamed onto the composite to cure it. The filling materials used in dental applications should be strong and compressive. They should be able to withstand high temperatures too. The material should be made to match the colour of the teeth. The polymer binders used to fill the tooth should be good paste so as to improve strength and polarization. Practically more than one monomer is mixed at different ratios to get an appropriate and easy to use thickness. A curing light is a beam that was made to quickly cure a resin. Composite resin was brought into the market to minimise negative aspect of the acrylic resins. Ravve, Abe (2000).The earlier composites required to be mixed with a base with a catalyst leading to problems in magnitude, Light ways of therapy have come a long way since 1970s (J.Dent 1999).Ultra violet rays were used to set off a special type of filling. We have plasma light that’s currently being applied on therapy is clinically applicable. It is a better method since the results revealed it had a simi lar therapy to the one of halogen yet the temperature rise was negligible. Some are using the Argon while others are using the laser light. The combination process and also the colour visibility. At first they used an ultraviolet light source. It was a required source of energy. But the polymerization had side effects which led to replacement with visible light which is currently in use and still being developed. With the current technique we are able to reduce the polymerization stress. We have two methods that use small and low concentration light followed by a longer period of elevated intensity. (Chang-Jun Baek, 2008)Both physical and mechanical property of the compound depends on their structural arrangement. The dental composite is composed of three chemically different materials. The organic, non organic and the filler. There’s a disperse phase of composite resins made with non-living filler material. So as to improve both the mechanical and physical properties of the compound, the filler particles are added to the organic stage. We have composites that are made up of polymer groups called hybrid composite resins. About 60% of it is glasses of different compositions and sizes. And these are the ones used by our dentists. We have flowable composites which are normally of low thickness. They contain lower inorganic filler. They have an advantage because of the tooth surface is highly wet thus ensuring ideal penetration due to their low thickness. There’s no air entrapment .That’s also an added advantage. We have condensable composites also which have a very high percentage of the filler. Their clinical behaviour is almost similar to the hybrid. Their condensability gives them an added advantage. This is because the contact point is easily achieved. The major areas where polymers a re applied will depend on the chemical structure and processing of the polymers. Some could be very rigid; others flexible while some could also be very elastic. We have fibres polymers and textile polymers which are simply oriented forming elevated powerful fibres. We have natural polymers like proteins found in silk and wool. We also have carbohydrates like the ones found in cellulose. The other polymers are synthetic like the ones found in bullet proof vests. We use polymers for making packaging materials and coatings. Polymers are also very useful in the medical fields (Charles, 2003). As mentioned earlier teeth fillers are also made of polymers. Polymers are also used in making implants. Most aesthetic dental coatings are made of polymers. The coatings are usually used to decorate the enamel surface of the teeth. Conclusions The composites have acquired a very high and important place in the filling equipments. These materials are able to protect the teeth arrangement in a better way because they are retained by cementing methods other than depending on cavity design. We should never forget that they are highly technique sensitive hence we need to control some aspects. We have to get the correct composite for each condition. The process followed in bonding should be cautiously done. Proper therapy is highly vital if reasonable results are to be achieved. Composite are not made of metal. So the dentists can merge and combine perfect colours to match your original teeth. This means no one else will know about your teeth apart from you and the dentist. Another advantage is that the resin usually holds up the remaining tooth structure stopping breakages and padding against high temperature changes. A composite can last up to 10 years. It is important to remember the more natural teeth structure you keep, the better teeth you will likely have in future. We have a growing demand of energy.

Phenomenon of Globalization, Arts, & Its Commodification essays

Phenomenon of Globalization, Arts, & Its Commodification essays Globalization could be defined simply as the decline in costs of doing business internationally. One of its key effects is to enhance the international integration of markets for goods, services, technology, ideas, financial and other capital, labor and even arts and crafts. The end of the cold war and dissipation of centralized economic planning, the bane of socialist countries, after the dismemberment of the USSR in 1980s and successful adoption of capitalism by China as a vehicle of accelerated development have paved the way for world-wide capitalism which has set the stage for open world trade. Globalization affects a wide spectrum of economic and social life of a nation. It transforms trading pattern, finance, technological innovation, means and modes of communication, cultural pattern and patterns of governance, rate of employment, living standards and art scene. Globalization is usually used in two different connotations, in the positive sense the word is used to describe the process of the ever-growing integration of countries and their economies and culture into the one economy and culture of the world. The word is used in a regular sense to lay down a process for the development of the regional or countrys economy and culture on a level equal to that of the international community. Some people view globalization as a way for the progress of the lesser developed communities of the world and yet others see it as a lost cause. . The way the art world conceives of itself finds out its treatment of globalization. Indeed, the usual understanding of the term art world" betrays a set of prejudices under threat by the very global conditions the contemporary art world seeks to represent. In common manner of speaking, the art world" signifies a society of individuals and institutions a social, cultural, and economic world organized around museums, galleries, and the art press and the legions of artists, critics...

Women in china Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Women in china - Essay Example while working against great odds including an enormous population in a vastly spread out country which had limited resources to look after its people. Women in China have increasingly played a role that has been equal to men. They have found a new place in the society, working with men at all levels from the farm to industry, academia and government. The laws of the present day China have granted equality to women with men in all spheres of life, while recognizing that they have certain differences. Women are considered to be equal to men in rights as well as obligations to the society, have equal entitlements with regard to work, education, ownership of property and the right to form a family. The reality of women in China is certainly getting better and although at present, despite there being no legal impediments to equality, women still trail behind the men in China. Family planning and birth control policies of the state in China which have been put into place in response to the huge population pressure have been a source of controversy and irritation despite the achievements, requiring women to undergo forced abortions and sterilizations. This essay takes a look at the position of women in present day China. China is a country with unique culture, traditions and a communist as well as a feudal past which has attempted to modernize itself relatively quickly in a short span of time, achieving considerable success with these efforts. Its huge population has always presented problems at the national level and has meant that the government has had to adopt some controversial measures to keep in check these pressures. The government of China has, however, attempted to enhance the status of women and grant them a level of equality with men in the society. The revolution of 1949 meant that equality for women in China was considered to be legitimate and in line with the aims of the new government. Women comprise approximately 49% of the total population of China and

The characteristics of food production and food and beverage service Assignment

The characteristics of food production and food and beverage service systems - Assignment Example The paper dwells upon the factors affecting recipes and menus for specific systems. Different systems will have different factors affecting their recipes and menus. In the conventional system, recipes and menu items are flexible depending on the tastes and preferences of the customers. With the onsite kind of production, the management, and cooks interact with the clients almost on a daily basis and therefore have to modify the menu. In both systems, menus will be affected by the current budget, and skills in preparing specific food. In addition to that, the time taken to cook specific food, and when they will be required by the customers will also affect the recipes and menus. As indicated before, the conventional system is labor intensive, explaining why it is costly. With the decentralized kind of operation, many employees are required to ensure that every point remains active. With the view of reducing the cost of operations, this system employs both skilled and unskilled staff m embers. However, this has implication on the quality and consistency of the food prepared. On the other hand, the centralized food system has fewer employees, who are also highly skilled. The resulting advantage is improved food quality, consistency and control of resources to prevent waste. With fewer staff members, there is low cost of operations leading to high returns. Justify the suitability of systems for particular food and beverage outlets (P4) The discussed food systems are suitable for particular outlets. For instance, the conventional system is particularly suitable for restaurant, and institutions of learning search as colleges. As indicated before, there is a high perception of high quality of food under this system. This perception will be imperative in increasing sales in these settings. This attracts and retains such clients, which is a competitive edge of the business. On the other hand, the centralized system is more convenient in

Critic's response to William Faulkner's literary canon Research Paper

Critic's response to William Faulkner's literary canon - Research Paper Example Prior to his death in 1962, William Faulkner had written various novels including the Hamlet (1940), the Town (1957), and the Mansion (1959) (Educational Broadcasting Corporation 1). These novels address various topics including civil war, social conflicts, and cultural displacement among other topics. Subject to addressing controversial topics, William Faulkners Literary Canon faces many critics. Indeed, many critics and readers could not understand William Faulkners Literary Canon in his entire life. However, in the modern literature, many critics and readers recognize William as a prominent author in American literary history. William Faulkner was a modernist writer who explored the themes of isolation and cultural displacement that prevailed in America in the 1920s and 30s. Although the literary critics and public have in time appreciated the significance of William Faulkners works and their audacity in terms of both form and content, very few literary critics have managed to analyze Faulkner’s literary production in terms of working-class aspects that are prominent in his works (Bucaria 1). In addressing his most prominent works that include the Hamlet (1940), the Town (1957), and the Mansion (1959), we can establish that William Faulkners Literary Canon depicts the use of a tragic tone (Educational Broadcasting Corporation 1). Indeed, it is clear that William Faulkners Literary Canon manifests a mixture of tragedy and comedy. William inherited the use of comic sense in writing as used by earlier writers. Notably, the three novels noted above define the tragicomic chronicle of the Snopes Trilogy that establishes the effect of the Snopes Trilogy on Yoknapatawpha County (Educational Broadcasting Corporation 1). These works faced numerous criticisms. Indeed, upon his death, the New York Times asserted, "Mr. Faulkners writings showed an obsession

The Theory of the Invisible Hand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

The Theory of the Invisible Hand - Essay Example The above theory is further explained as a condition by which an individual in a society will toil enough to put his capital in the domestic industry so as to encourage its produce for getting a better value, and by doing this, the individual is trying to put in his labor, unknowingly or indirectly, towards bringing in a larger revenue to the society as a whole. In this sort of constructive endeavors the individual actually does not intend to promote the public interest at all, and also does not know to what extent he is promoting it. This unintended promotion bestowed on the society will naturally be more than the actual worth if the individual has really intended it. The theory of the Invisible Hand affirms that if a consumer is given the chance to select freely, that is, at his own will without any external coercion or persuasion, from the several options or products before him, then each producer responsible for the options or products will get the total freedom to choose what to sell or what to produce and how to produce it. This will allow the intended market to settle upon a very convenient product distribution and pricing system so that it will benefit all the members of the society. The reason for deriving such an outcome is vested in the truth that the greed and self interest of an individual will force the attributes to transform into a state of collective and gainful qualities benefiting the society. In economics related to industrial organizations, this theory is applied in the viable and effective production methods in order to maximize the profits. Pricing of products will be fixed to the minimum to compete with the rivals. For getting the required profits the investors will put more money in industries which are considered to be the neediest to people or the target group instead of investing in less profitable industries. According to Adam Smith, "It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own self interest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity but to their self-love, and never talk to them of our own necessities but of their advantages." (Smith, Adam. Wealth of Nations, http://www.econlib.org/LIBRARY/ Smith/smWN1.html#B.I%2C%20Ch. 2%2C%20Of%20the%20Principle%20which%20gives%20Occasion%20to%20the%20Division%20of%20Labour%2C%20benevolence. Retrieved on 25th April, 2009) Thus, the Invisible Hand theory acts as a balancing mechanism in its entirety in the field of customer oriented production and its strategic marketing and in the matter of building customer relationships so as to increase the gains of the entrepreneurs. In this respect it cannot be construed that these entrepreneur's actions are fully motivated to benefit the interests of the society, but it is focused on himself and his kith and kin, and in reality, the net result of its application is nothing but the exploitation of the common people who are in dire wants of necessities and amenities in their struggle to survive in this world. Explanations of "Invisible Hand" in Society by different authors: Every individual...generally, indeed, neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it. By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry he intends only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only h

Brand Companies Sales and Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Brand Companies Sales and Business Law - Essay Example For companies to adapt and adjust their own brand messages, when consumers share the information produced, brand managers need to devise new strategies meant to rectify any dissatisfaction. Moreover, consumers expect brands to be honest and be transparent in their communications. When discovered, the misleading brands will be punished by consumers. As much as a product might meet the federal standards, some consumers may sue the company citing allergic reactions or other negative effects because of the misleading labeling. In case the particular consumer suing is able to prove the negative effect arising from the misleading labeling, the company will end up using a lot of money, if they decide to settle out of court to avoid further bad publicity.   The court decision is bad for the company as obviously, there is the bad publicity and it might lead to a decrease in sales for a certain product or even in all their products, as consumers will question their honesty in all their produ cts, regardless of meeting the federal standards (Herbst, Kenneth, Hannah & Allan 297). Brand equity is one of the most valuable assets a company possesses. One popular strategy that companies use to build and leverage equity is using brand extensions that launch new products with the original brand names, in this case Coca Cola. Successful extensions can provide benefits, such as reducing cost of introduction, gaining distribution and customer trial and minimizing the risk of new product failures.

The Theory of the Invisible Hand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

The Theory of the Invisible Hand - Essay Example The above theory is further explained as a condition by which an individual in a society will toil enough to put his capital in the domestic industry so as to encourage its produce for getting a better value, and by doing this, the individual is trying to put in his labor, unknowingly or indirectly, towards bringing in a larger revenue to the society as a whole. In this sort of constructive endeavors the individual actually does not intend to promote the public interest at all, and also does not know to what extent he is promoting it. This unintended promotion bestowed on the society will naturally be more than the actual worth if the individual has really intended it. The theory of the Invisible Hand affirms that if a consumer is given the chance to select freely, that is, at his own will without any external coercion or persuasion, from the several options or products before him, then each producer responsible for the options or products will get the total freedom to choose what to sell or what to produce and how to produce it. This will allow the intended market to settle upon a very convenient product distribution and pricing system so that it will benefit all the members of the society. The reason for deriving such an outcome is vested in the truth that the greed and self interest of an individual will force the attributes to transform into a state of collective and gainful qualities benefiting the society. In economics related to industrial organizations, this theory is applied in the viable and effective production methods in order to maximize the profits. Pricing of products will be fixed to the minimum to compete with the rivals. For getting the required profits the investors will put more money in industries which are considered to be the neediest to people or the target group instead of investing in less profitable industries. According to Adam Smith, "It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own self interest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity but to their self-love, and never talk to them of our own necessities but of their advantages." (Smith, Adam. Wealth of Nations, http://www.econlib.org/LIBRARY/ Smith/smWN1.html#B.I%2C%20Ch. 2%2C%20Of%20the%20Principle%20which%20gives%20Occasion%20to%20the%20Division%20of%20Labour%2C%20benevolence. Retrieved on 25th April, 2009) Thus, the Invisible Hand theory acts as a balancing mechanism in its entirety in the field of customer oriented production and its strategic marketing and in the matter of building customer relationships so as to increase the gains of the entrepreneurs. In this respect it cannot be construed that these entrepreneur's actions are fully motivated to benefit the interests of the society, but it is focused on himself and his kith and kin, and in reality, the net result of its application is nothing but the exploitation of the common people who are in dire wants of necessities and amenities in their struggle to survive in this world. Explanations of "Invisible Hand" in Society by different authors: Every individual...generally, indeed, neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it. By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry he intends only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only h

Most people believe they directly and completely perceive the world Essay - 1

Most people believe they directly and completely perceive the world that surrounds them - Essay Example It is the very sense that causes us to come up with innovative things and creative ideas. Often, we come across illusion images concentrating upon which for some time, we acquire the image in our eyes that we retain for some time, though there are none other than biological reasons behind this. The images are reflected against plain white background for a matter of seconds. As we see around after that, the memory of the image fades away. Contexts in which stimuli are experienced greatly affect human perception and remembrance of those stimuli. This was confirmed in a research conducted by Palmer. In his study, Palmer first made the research participants see a kitchen scene, and the participants were immediately then shown a loaf of bread, a drum and a mailbox (Sternberg, Mio, and Mio 112). Later when the participants were asked to memorize the things they were shown, all of them remembered the loaf of bread much better than the other two things because the loaf of bread was consistent with the context that the participants were originally shown. Taking the results of this research into consideration, it can be safely said that human perceptions of things are determined by the contexts in which they experience the stimuli. The doctrine of constructivism makes a lot of emphasis upon the meaning. Constructivism, is in itself a theory that revolves around learning. The main idea behind the doctrine of constructivism is that an individual constructs knowledge on the basis of his/her mental activity. The doctrine of constructivism considers learners as the organisms that actively seek knowledge and meaning. Initially, meaning is constructed in such a way that its relationship is very weak with reality, like the mindset of children, who are in constant phase of discovering the world and perceiving it. However, with the passage of time, as an individual gains more and more experience, the concepts become

Vap Bundles, What to Leave in, What to Leave Out Essay Example for Free

Vap Bundles, What to Leave in, What to Leave Out Essay Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) is a chronic and costly problem in the intensive care setting. VAP increases patient morbidity, mortality, and length of stay. These negative effects add significantly to the financial and emotional burden to the patient and family. VAP is being considered for addition to the Medicare non-reimbursable infection list, therefore healthcare providers need to proactively evaluate and implement procedures to minimize VAP rates. Article Summaries The focus of this article was identifying the lack of universal diagnostic criteria for VAP and the impact of the lack of diagnostic standardization on interpretation of hospital reported VAP rates. The author’s contention is, despite an abundance of studies on VAP prevention the inconsistencies between institutions in diagnostic criteria can provide false zero and/or falsely elevated reported rates of infection. Additionally, the study that was primarily cited by the author did not include several interventions which he felt represented a major design flaw. In summary, the disparity in diagnostic criteria and variety of VAP prevention bundles make it difficult to clearly interpret currently available data regarding efficacy of specific interventions. I included this article based upon the three criteria I chose for inclusion: publication date within five years, clinical relevance, and statistically significant data produced by the study. This article specifically addresses the quandary surrounding diagnosis and prevention of VAP. The authors of this study chose to compare the effects of mechanical treatment, pharmacological treatment, and a combination of both on VAP reduction. In preparation for the study the authors reviewed previously identified causes of VAP and chose to focus their study on the effect of reducing oropharyngeal colonization by potential respiratory pathogens. The conclusion of the study indicated that their analysis was confounded, in part by the defining criteria they chose to identify VAP. There was no significant reduction in VAP from toothbrushing(mechanical), and no sustained reduction beyond day three for the chlorhexedine(pharmacological) group. As has been noted in many studies there were additional, and perhaps more efficacious interventions concurrently in use, particularly elevation of the head of bed to thirty degrees. I included this article based upon the three criteria I chose for inclusion: publication date within five years, clinical relevance, and statistically significant data produced by the study. This article addresses the outcomes of specific nursing interventions targeting the reduction and/or elimination of VAP. Article Critiques The researchers who designed this study attempted to minimize some of the confounding factors by applying certain aspects of the institution’s ventilator bundle to all of the study participants. This clearly defined standard of care improved the ability to directly attribute the effects of the research interventions. Prior to beginning the study the researchers observed the standard care of intubated patients in the facility and identified practices that were viewed as potentially contributing to oropharyngeal colonization. Based upon their observations, during the study period advanced oral care kits were exclusively used to provide oral care for the study group along with a clearly delineated schedule for performing different components of the oral care protocol. The result for the study group was a significant reduction in VAP with increased time to VAP. There was also a decrease in ventilator days and length of intensive care unit stay. The study confirmed that VAP prevention is improved with the incorporation of comprehensive oral assessment and care. I included this article based upon the three criteria I chose for inclusion: publication date within five years, clinical relevance, and statistically significant data produced by the study. This article addresses the outcomes of specific nursing interventions targeting the reduction and/or elimination of VAP This article was published in Clinical Infectious Diseases, which is a peer reviewed journal. The subject is relevant to my topic in that it is a qualitative analysis of multiple studies on the efficacy of VAP reduction bundles. The author is a physician working in the field of infection control, affiliated with two major United States academic medical centers and as such he has professional credibility. No conflict of interest was reported by the author. The format of the article was a comparison of various VAP bundles and their outcomes from studies conducted by other researchers. The comparison group was large, comprised of seventeen different studies, all of which used the before-after design (Klompas, 2010). As a qualitative study the premise was not answerable by a yes or no hypothesis, instead it relied upon review of specific, focused research. This research substantiated the author’s initial question by defining elements that remain unaddressed in the current body of research surrounding the prevention of VAP (Klompas, 2010). The study presented in this article was a well-designed 2 x 2 factorial trial (Munro, Grap, Jones, McClish, Sessler, 2009). The principal investigator reported receiving a grant from the National Institutes of Health in support of this research, no other disclosures were reported. The investigators are fully credentialed in their respective fields. The study took place at a large academic medical center with a population that allows for broad representation. Participants were recruited from three intensive care units with clearly defined inclusion and exclusionary criteria. The study personnel were all appropriately blinded to the participants VAP status (Munro et al., 2009). The performance of the assigned treatments was completed by study personnel rather than the bedside nurse to increase the consistency of treatment delivery. The authors noted a few limitations as the study progressed. The first limitation was the definition of VAP. In this case they chose to use clinical pulmonary infection score greater than six to define VAP (Munro et al., 2009). During the course of the study they noted that even though a clinical diagnosis of pneumonia was considered exclusionary, that many of the participants in fact had a CPIS greater than six upon enrollment (Munro et al., 2009). A second limitation was enrollment attrition; by day seven the number of participants was no longer large enough to be considered statistically significant (Munro et al., 2009). Despite the noted limitations the investigators were able to draw conclusions applicable to early onset VAP (Munro et al., 2009). The study presented in this article was completed by a multi-disciplinary team, none of which reported any conflict of interest or financial disclosure. As one of the end points of the study was demonstration of a sustainable reduction in VAP rates use of cohort study was intentional, incorporating an extended time frame to counter the large number of required enrollees to otherwise demonstrate statistical significance (Garcia, Jendresky, Colbert, Bailey, Zaman, Majumder, 2009). A potential confounding factor was the facility ventilator protocol, which included many interventions which are known to directly and significantly impact on reduction and prevention of VAP i.e. head of bed maintained at thirty degrees and an active weaning protocol (Garcia et al., 2009). This study was completed at a large urban academic medical center and the participants were screened for defined eligibility criteria and are representative of the adult population at large. The authors or the study are appropriately credentialed in their fields and included a biostatistician to aid in the data analysis (Garcia et al ., 2009). The primary and secondary outcomes were clearly identified. All variables were tested or analyzed using the method demanded by the results. VAP was defined using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published definition (Garcia et al., 2009 ). Conclusion There remain many unanswered questions as to the etiology and prevention of VAP. In my research I observed that many of the studies included multiple interventions for VAP prevention in the study protocols. They also continued the institutions current policies for managing ventilated patients. It would seem to cloud the interpretation when there are multiple interventions making up the protocol i.e. Chlorhexedine rinse, and subglottic suctioning, and routinely scheduled oral care. Multi-factorial studies make it more difficult to determine which factor is influencing the outcome. A well designed study needs to eliminate or incorporate a single intervention at a time to determine its effect, or lack thereof. This would enable the researcher to clearly demonstrate a cause and effect relationship More carefully crafted studies will need to be performed with a universally agreed upon definition of VAP. As is always the case when research is involving people there is a reluctance to leave off anything that might be perceived as healing. In this case I believe that multiple interventions performed simultaneously are a hindrance to clearly understanding what is truly the most efficacious VAP prevention protocol design. In light of ongoing mandates from CMS to eliminate nosocomial infections there is an added impetus to define and eliminate VAP. Ventilator associated pneumonia is a chronic and costly problem in the intensive care setting. VAP increases patient morbidity, mortality, and length of stay. These negative effects add significantly to the financial and emotional burden to the patient, family, and the institution. Therefore, healthcare providers need to proactively evaluate and implement procedures to minimize VAP rates. References Garcia, R., Jendresky, L., Colbert, L., Bailey, A., Zaman, M., Majumder, M. (2009). Reducing ventilator-associated pneumonia through advanced oral-dental care: A 48 month study. American Journal of Critical Care, 18(6), 523-532. Doi:10.4037//ajcc2009311 Klompas, M. (2010). Ventilator-associated pneumonia: Is zero possible? Clinical Infectious Diseases, 51(10), 1123-1126. Doi:10.1086/656738 Munro, C., Grap, M., Jones, D., McClish, D., Sessler, C. (2009). Chlorhexedine, toothbrushing, and preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill adults. American Journal of Critical Care, 18(5), 428-438. Doi:10.4037//ajcc2009792

Comparative Analysis on Kikuyu

Comparative Analysis on Kikuyu Comparative Analysis on Kikuyu within the SPE and Post-SPE Framework Term Paper for Foundations of Phonology Course Introduction This paper aims at observing the data set of Kikuyu language. Two frameworks are compared, i.e. the Sound Pattern of English (henceforth; SPE), and Post SPE (Autosegmental Phonology). Within the discussion, approaches form other theories will also be highlighted; however, the main point addressed in this paper is to evaluate the data set of Kikuyu on the basis of phonological theories within the two frameworks involved. Based on SPE theory, the lexical entries should consist of sufficient information for the phonological rules in order to identify its phonetic forms for each context. In other words, each lexical entry is entered as a set of phonological distinctive features. Furthermore, the underlying representation (UR) is considered as an abstract representation in comparison to a surface representation (SR). Along the paper, we will discuss both frameworks together with feature notations and then we will analyze the data set segmentally to obtain the rules governing the language of Kikuyu. In the next section, we will attempt to analyze the variability of the coordinated articulary apparatus with the spirit of the Post-SPE framework driven by a number of questions in the optimization of the data set analysis of with respect to the framework inquestion. During the analysis, we will not consider some basic requirements such as No Crossing Constraint and Linking Constraint in order to be consistent with the well-formedness condition of Post-SPE framework. Furthermore, we will also approach the so-called geometry of phonetic representations accompanied by sufficient examples to figure out any possible solution. One of the central issues addressed within this paper is the analysis on the shifting of nasal + consonant with respect to the given data set. We will try to compare two theories in question and observe how those theories could account for the changes in the data set. At a later stage, we will see which theory casts better analysis of the given data than the other does. Some literatures will be considered especially those from the textbook of Phonological Theory: The Essential Readings by Goldsmith, J. such as The Sound Pattern of English by Chomsky, N. and Halle, M., among others, as well as relevant sources which might give us more information about the language of Kikuyu. Now, let us go through the analysis from the first framework, i.e. the SPE framework. The SPE Framework The SPE framework is believed to be the basis of Generative Phonology since theories within this framework were influenced by the views from generative linguistics. Chomsky and Halle (in Goldsmith, 1999 : 17-19) states that a speakers knowledge of his language consists of knowing the lexical items of the language and each lexical entry must contain specified features, which determine the phonetic form of the item in all contexts, i.e. the items phonological features. Furthermore, such phonological features are classificatory devices, they are binary, as are all other classificatory features in the lexicon, for the natural way of indicating whether or not an item belongs to a particular category is by means of binary features. There will be two levels of representations that will be discussed in the SPE framework; underlying representation (i.e. lexical or morphophonemic sequence) and the surface form (i.e. phonetic output form). Given the authors aim at maximizing the simplicity of the grammar, it follows that underlying representations should be as abstract as possible and avoid redundant, or non-distinctive, features. Minimized underlying representations are indeed a requirement to ensure the generality of the overall linguistic system. Within this framework, we will analyze the data set on the language of Kikuyu in the spirit of morphological analysis, overview on any possible alternation within the dataset, as well as identifying the underlying representation (UR) from the given data set. Following this analysis, we will try to observe possible rules with feature notation of the given data in order to get a generalized rule ordering within the data set. For this analysis, we also refer to the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) chart, especially for the consonants chart and their features. Let us try to analyze the data set from the morphological analysis with the given data set below. The data set of Kikuyu is given below in table 1: Imperative---1 sg.Imperfect--English Meaning ßura------mbureet?--------'lop off' ßaara-----mbaareet?-------'look at' t?ma------nd?meet?--------'cut' toma------ndomeet?--------'send' reha------ndeheet?--------'pay' ru?a------ndu?eet?--------'cook' cina------ineet?--------'burn' koma------?gomeet?--------'sleep' kera------?gereet?--------'cross' ?ora------?goreet?--------'buy' ?aja------?gajeet?--------'divide' From table 1, we can see that there are two forms to observe, the one being Imperative and the other being the 1-sg-Imperfect from data set of Kikuyu language, which is followed by its meaning in English. The table shows that for each given word, several letters remain unchanged, which is typed in Bold inside the word. Most of them seem to have a Vowel and Consonant order (VC) and a long vowel one (i.e. VVC) such as in ßaara. Furthermore, we can also see in the Imperative column in which all words are always ended with a, marked after a slash sign (-). Subsequently, the words in the first singular Imperfect column are always ended with an eet?, which is also separated by a slash (-). A complete data set analysis is given in table 2 below. Table 2 Imperative-------------1 sg. Imperfect------------English Translation ßur - a--------------------mbur - eet?----------------------'lop off' ßaar- a--------------------mbaar- eet?----------------------'look at' t?m - a--------------------nd?m - eet?----------------------'cut' tom - a--------------------ndom - eet?----------------------'send' reh - a--------------------ndeh - eet?----------------------'pay' ru? - a--------------------ndu? - eet?----------------------'cook' cin - a--------------------in - eet?----------------------'burn' kom - a--------------------?gom - eet?----------------------'sleep' ker - a--------------------?ger - eet?----------------------'cross' ?or - a--------------------?gor - eet?----------------------'buy' ?aj - a--------------------?gaj - eet?----------------------'divide' From table 2, we can see that the unchanged letters, which are Bold typed above, are the stems or could be part of the stems of the word in underlying representation. Furthermore, we can also see suffixes, which indicate the Imperativeness or the given words that are signaled as the final letter a at the final position of the word. From the regularity of the final letters eet?, we can say that the given words must be classified as suffixes indicating the 1 sg. Imperfect form of Kikuyu language. We will discuss the underlying forms of the morphemes regularity in a separate discussion in a later part. Now let us see the structure of the nasal sound which occurs before the stems. It is conceivable that an alternation is defined as a morpheme, which has two different sound shapes, which can be analyzed by a phonological process. From the data set of Kikuyu, the some alternations can be observed as indicated in the following table (see table 3). The alternations can be identified easily in that ß becomes b; t /r becomes d; c becomes ?; k / ? becomes g. Those alternations can be viewed as the alternations in the language of Kikuyu whose phonological process will be explored in rules. Table 3 Imperative------------1 sg. Imperfect In a.b.ß-------------------------mb In c.d.t-------------------------nd In e.f.r-------------------------nd In g.c--------------------------- In h. i. k-----------------------?g In j. k. ?-----------------------?g Furthermore, we can also see that a nasal consonant is inserted before the changed consonant, e.g. m; n; ? and ?, which suggests that the morphological process goes along with the phonological process. Such insertion shows us important points for the data set in the language of Kikuyu. We will discuss such phenomenon in greater concern in later part. However, there is one thing to say about this phenomenon in the insertion of nasal consonant in the 1 sg. Imperfect groups could be analyzed as certain prefixes embedded which might express the tense of a verb. Whenever the alternation is constructed in an opposite way, i.e. b becomes ß in data set, this lead to an ill formed construction. Such a case is also falsifiable from data h. and j. in which ?g would become k and ? respectively following the case. Therefore, we will consider the sequence of alternation as from Imperative to 1 sg. Imperfect. The reanalysis of the stems of both forms is illustrated in table 4 below. Both prefixe s (nasals) and suffixes ( a and eet?) are discarded in table 4 so that we can get the stem of each verb. Table 4. Imperative--------------1 sg. Imperfect--------------English Meaning ßur---------------------bur-------------------------------'lop off' ßaar--------------------baar------------------------------'look at' t?m---------------------d?m-------------------------------'cut' tom---------------------dom-------------------------------'send' reh---------------------deh-------------------------------'pay' ruc---------------------du?-------------------------------'cook' cin---------------------?in-------------------------------'burn' kom---------------------gom-------------------------------'sleep' ker---------------------ger-------------------------------'cross' ?or---------------------gor-------------------------------'buy' ?aj---------------------gaj-------------------------------'divide' What we have observed so far indicates that phonological components are obtained by mapping from the underlying representation (UR) to the surface (phonetic) representation (SR). This mapping phenomenon can be observed by rewrite rules which will be discussed in a separate part. In other words, the data set of Kikuyu we have so far could be considered as the Surface Representation. In the following paragraphs, we attempt to identify the underlying representation of the Kikuyu language. As noted above, we have seen that the unchanged letters in table 2 could be analyzed as the stems or part of the stems of the words in the underlying representation. On the basis of minimization of the underlying representation we will attempt to rule in the consonant before the unchanged letters because it seems to be implausible to predict the consonants such as ß, t, r, c, k, ? by rule. Furthermore, we have also observed that the consonant ß can shift to b not the vice versa. Referring to the SPE theory, minimizing the underlying representation means that anything, which can be predicted by a rule, should be eliminated from the underlying representation. For instance, the shifting from ß to b can be viewed in table 4 which is exemplified by the shifting is from ßur to bur. Such process also applies to all other words in the data set. By definition, we could get something like /ßur/ to be the actual stem for underlying representation of the word, which means lop off in Kikuyu. The stems in underlying representation in the data set are presented in table 5 below and the Underlying Representations for the Imperative and 1 sg. Imperfect are represented in table 6. Table 5 UR Stem English Meaning /ßur/ 'lop off' /ßaar/ 'look at' /t?m/ 'cut' /tom/ 'send' /reh/ 'pay' /ru?/ 'cook' /cin/ 'burn' /kom/ 'sleep' /ker/ 'cross' /?or/ 'buy' /?aj/ 'divide' Table 6 Imperative UR 1 sg. Imperfect UR English Meaning /ßur - a/ /Nas - bur -eet 'lop off' /ßaar - a/ /Nas - baar-eet 'look at' /t?m - a/ /Nas - d?m -eet 'cut' /tom - a/ /Nas - dom -eet 'send' /reh - a/ /Nas - deh -eet 'pay' /ru? - a/ /Nas - du? -eet 'cook' /cin - a/ /Nas - ?in -eet 'burn' /kom - a/ /Nas - gom -eet 'sleep' /ker - a/ /Nas - ger -eet 'cross' /?or - a/ /Nas - gor -eet 'buy' /?aj - a/ /Nas - gaj -eet 'divide' In the framework of SPE, we have been familiar with the terms such as abbreviatory conventions, conciseness, Minimize UR, Rule format and Evaluation measures, etc. They will be considered here under IPA consonant chart and feature table where relevant information is given in table 7 below: Table 7 (Imp = Imperative) (1sg = 1 sg. Imperfect) Group A (data a. b.) ß - bilabial fricative (Imp) b - bilabial plosive (1sg) m - bilabial nasal (1sg) Group B (data c. d. e. f.) t - alveolar plosive (Imp) r - alveolar fricative (Imp) d - alveolar plosive (1sg) n - alveolar nasal (1sg) Group C (data g.) c - palatal plosive (Imp) ? - palatal plosive (1sg) ? - palatal nasal (1sg) Group D (data h. i. j. k.) k - velar plosive (Imp) ? - velar fricative (Imp) g - velar plosive (1sg) ? - velar nasal (1sg) From the distribution in table 7, we can draw some important information in the surface level. In Imperative classification (Imp), we can observe that the fricatives are plosives whereas in (1sg) group, we only observe the plosives ones. This observation is helpful for arriving at the deduction that under certain environment, fricatives/plosives are interpreted as (à  ) plosives. Furthermore, within each group, we can identify that the same place of articulation is shared, i.e., bilabial / alveolar / palatal / velar. This observation will contribute to identify the relation between the changed consonants and the added nasal sound types. In the mean time, within each 1sg group, we can also observe that the nasal sound always precedes the plosive sound. This observation is useful for understanding whether the prefix [Nasal] functions are in a linear order. By applying the minimized major feature for these consonants, we can generate some crucial feature notations as noted below. 1. Fricatives [-son, +cont] 2. Plosives [-son, -cont] 3. Nasals [+son, -cont] Therefore, now we can observe the assimilation of the feature [cont] in the course of transferring from fricatives to plosives and probably the dissimilation of the feature [son] between nasals and plosives. In order to satisfy the conditions of Minimize UR and the Evaluation measure, we could observe each sound in detail and add the feature [voice] where we can see that all plosives and nasals are [+voiced] as illustrated in table 8 below. Table 8 Features - consonant Features-place of articulation Group A (data a. b.) ß - [-son] [+cont] [+voiced] (Imp) [+ant] [-cor] b - [-son] [-cont] [+voiced] (1sg) [+ant] [-cor] m - [+son] [-cont] [+voiced] (1sg) [+ant] [-cor] Group B (data c. d. e. f.) t - [-son] [-cont] [-voiced] (Imp) [+ant] [+cor] r - [+son] [+cont] [+voiced] (Imp) [+ant] [+cor] d - [-son] [-cont] [+voiced] (1sg) [+ant] [+cor] n - [+son] [-cont] [+voiced] (1sg) [+ant] [+cor] Group C (data g.) c - [-son] [-cont] [-voiced] (Imp) [-ant] [+cor] ? - [-son] [-cont] [+voiced] (1sg) [-ant] [+cor] ? - [+son] [-cont] [+voiced] (1sg) [-ant] [+cor] Group D (data h. i. j. k.) k - [-son] [-cont] [-voiced] (Imp) [-ant] [-cor] ? - [-son] [+cont] [+voiced] (Imp) [-ant] [-cor] g - [-son] [-cont] [+voiced] (1sg) [-ant] [-cor] ? - [+son] [-cont] [+voiced] (1sg) [-ant] [-cor] From the features distribution above, we can observe several important generalizations. First, as we can see in the left column, consonants could adjust themselves to the nasal during the shifting to plosive by preserving [-cont] and [+voiced]. Then, the consonant r in Group B is the only consonant in Imp which has feature [+son], therefore, we have to shift it to become [-son] as well in the course of shifting to plosive. However, this is definitely not a kind of adjustment to the nasal since it is conceivable that all nasals are found to be [+son]. Second, in the right column, we can observe that the insertions of prefixing nasals adjust themselves to the consonants and become bilabial / alveolar / palatal / velar nasal respectively in place of articulation. Furthermore, we attempt to figure out the adjustments above as assimilation, as well as the dis-adjustment of r as dissimilation. In sum, we can obtain two important rules in the language in question. Rule A: [-cont] [+cons] à   [+voice]/[+nas] ______ [-son] Such rule entails the adjustment of the consonants to the nasals. Under this rule, ß becomes b; t and r becomes d; c becomes ?; k and ? becomes g due to the prefixing nasal. Then, all fricatives become plosives as given the following rule. Rule B: [+nas] à   [aPlace]/______[aPlace] In rule B, the same place of articulation is construed by the notation [aPlace] represents here. This rule signals the adjustment of the nasals to the consonants. By using this rule, nasal will become m whenever aPlace is bilabial; n whenever aPlace is alveolar; ? whenever aPlace is palatal and ? whenever aPlace is velar. The origin nasal in prefixing cannot be observed from the given data set. For instance, if it is [+nas, +cor] then it should be a consonant n. Along the previous part, we have observed some ordering rules in the language of Kikuyu. Further in this part, we will try to figure out the ordering of the two rules we have mentioned in advance. Based on the SPE framework, we have seen that all morphological rules apply before all phonological rules. Although Kiparsky and many others believe the other way against this framework, we try to see whether this rule is indeed workable within the spirit of SPE framework. Here, the morphological rules are viewed as infix insertion, i.e. prefix /Nas/; suffix /-a/ and /eet?/ in the given data set which will apply in the first place and the phonological rules given in Rule A and Rule B above will apply in the second place. Now the question turns to which phonological rule applies in first order, being Rule A or Rule B. Suppose we take examples in data d and e from the given data set. First, let us look at data d. it seems that we will not find any difference in data d with respect to the ordering of two rules and hence the result looks like the same. Then, try to compare with data e. Let see what happens. Table 9 Data d = from [toma] to [ndomeet?] If Rule A precedes Rule B Morphological Rule /Nas/ + /tom/ + /eet?/ =UR Rule A /Nas/ + /dom/ + /eet?/ Rule B /n/ + /dom/ + /eet?/ =SR If Rule B precedes Rule A Morphological Rule /Nas/ + /tom/ + /eet?/ =UR Rule B /n/ + /tom/ + /eet?/ Rule A /n/ + /dom/ + /eet?/ =SR Data e. from [reha] to [ndeheet?] If Rule A precedes Rule B Morphological Rule /Nas/ + /reh/ + /eet?/ =UR Rule A /Nas/ + /deh/ + /eet?/ Rule B /n/ + /deh/ + /eet?/ =SR If Rule B precedes Rule A Morphological Rule /Nas/ + /reh/ + /eet?/ =UR Rule B /n/ + /reh/ + /eet?/ Rule A /n/ + /deh/ + /eet?/ =SR As we can see above, the comparison between data d and e indicates the same thing for ordering of two rules as well. This suggests that the ordering of rules do not have something to do with the result. It further suggests that the nasals and the derived consonants could have a relatively strong connection with each other, i.e. one co-exists with the other. Within the SPE framework, the data set has been analyzed in the form of features of lexical individual segments. We tried to apply the rules we have and they seems to work well. This gives further indication that the SPE framework can be considered as effective tool in explaining the phenomenon in data set of Kikuyu language. However, it seems that the relationship between the two rules is not transparent. The reason for this might be the difficulty in generating the only one rule instead of two explaining such phenomenon in the SPE framework. The Post-SPE Framework Autosegmental phonology was introduced by John Goldsmith (1976) and re presented a great step forward in linguistic research. In the classical generative theory developed by Chomsky and Halle, phonological components were linear sequences of segments which themselves consisted of feature bundles. One of the downfalls of the SPE framework resided in the assumption that every segment had to correspond to exactly one feature specification and vice-versa (every feature specification had to correspond to exactly one segment). Consequently, many phonological phenomena (related to stress, lengthening, rhythm and intonation for instance) were left unexplained. SPE simply had no way of providing a proper account of prosodic phenomena. As stated by Goldsmith himself ((1999: p.137), Autosegmental phonology constitutes a particular claim about the geometry of phonetic and phonological representations. it suggests that the phonetic representation is composed of a set of several simultaneous sequences of these segments, with certain elementary constraints on how the various levels of sequences can be interrelated or associated. The main innovation brought about by Post-SPE framework is the fact that supra segmental features, such as stress or tone, are no longer confined to exactly one segment but can be shared by two or more segments and vice-versa. Some features, while remaining associated with a segment, are now handled separately. Many phonological phenomena can then be analyzed in terms of a restructuring or reorganization of the autosegments in a representation. Different from the first section, here we will analyze the data set of Kikuyu within the Post-SPE framework, or also known as the Autosegmental Phonology but within this paper we rather use the term Post SPE just for the sake of easiness in comparison. In this section, we will also consider the use of the IPA chart and feature notations for the discussion in the Post-SPE framework. Also in this part we might still view some rules from SPE framework and will be reviewed in the spirit of Post-SPE framework. Phenomenon such as assimilation and dissimilation will be approached to address the problems we found in the data set of Kikuyu Language. Of course, other theories within the Post-SPE will also be introduced. Let us start our discussion with the identification of features and spreading in this framework. In this framework, features will be viewed as independent features of their segments in order for them to be represented as auto-segments. We can observe in the data set of Kikuyu language that a phonological process can influence more than one consonant at a time. This might lead us to review the data we had in table 3 where ß mb; t nd; r nd; c ; k ?g; ? ?g, with the given two rules. We have mentioned earlier about assimilation in SPE, i.e. an alternation which copies a feature specification from the closest segment. Take Group A and Rule B as an example: [+nas]à   [bila Place] / ______ [bila Place] Nà   m / ______ ß / b In the Post-SPE framework, assimilation is identified as the spreading of features to the neighbouring X-slots. This means that an X-slot is associated with the two X-slots, resulting assimilation as illustrated below: NX NX mX |à  Ã‚ ¥|à  Ã‚ ¥| [+ant][+ant] [+ant] [-cor] [-cor] [-cor] For the sake of easiness, some tiers are excluded. Here, X represents the changed consonant in Kikuyu. The nasal is considered another X slot, which is marked as N. After spreading, we see that the two X-slots share the feature of [+ant] and [-cor]. The feature from the neighboring X-slot could be deleted after the course of spreading. The replacement of Rule A in the Post SPE framework is a bit more complicated than Rule B since deletion is involved. As for instance, consider Group A we have noted above, within the SPE framework, we will get the shifting below. [+cons]à   [-cont] [+voice] [-son] / [+nas]______ ßà   b / N______ Then, let us apply this within the Post SPE framework to analyze this phenomenon where we have two X-slots represent Nasal and Consonant respectively during the course of alternation. An example of shifting from Nß to Nb is given below. X X X X | | à   | / [+son] [-son] [+son] [-son] [-cont] [+cont] [-cont] [-cont] [+voiced]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  [+voiced]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  [+voiced]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   [+voiced] For the sake of easiness, some tiers are reduced. We can see in the shifting process that [-son, +voiced] features are preserved during the shifting and [+cont] feature becomes [-cont]. In the SPE framework, it is conceivable that morphological rules apply before phonological rules, so we have a Nasal slot before Consonant slot in 1 sg. Imperfect i

Point of View in Everyday Use by Alice Walker Essay -- American Litera

Point of View in "Everyday Use" by Alice Walker Point of view is described as the perspective from which a story is told (Literature, G25). In the story "Everyday Use" the point of view is that of first person narrator or major character. The story is told by the mother in the story. The theme of this story is that of a mother who is trying to cope with changing times and two daughters who are completely different. Having the story told from momma's point of view helps to reveal how momma feels about herself and how she defines her daughters Dee and Maggie. "Everyday Use" is told from momma's point of view which helps to reveal how she feels about herself. Momma feels that she is an uneducated person, she says "I never had an education myself," this creates barriers between her and her oldest daughter Dee who has a college education (94). She describes herself as "big-boned woman with rough, man-working hands" that wears overalls by day and flannel gowns by night (93). From momma's point of view one can tell that she favors her relationship with her daughter Maggie mo...

The Odyssey :: essays research papers

Ten years after the fall of Troy, the victorious Greek hero Odysseus has still not returned to his native Ithaka. A band of rowdy suitors, believing Odysseus to be dead, has overrun his palace, courting his faithful†¹though weakening†¹wife, Penelope, and going through his stock of food. With permission from Zeus, the goddess Athena, Odysseus' greatest immortal ally, appears in disguise and urges Odysseus' son Telemakhos to seek news of his father at Pylos and Sparta. However, the suitors, led by Antinoos, plan to ambush him upon his return. Odysseus' most prominent characteristic is his cunning; Homer's Greek audience generally admired the trait but occasionally disdained it for its dishonest connotations. Odysseus' skill at improvising false stories or devising plans is nearly incomparable in Western literature. His Trojan horse scheme (recounted here and written about in The Iliad) and his multiple tricks against Polyphemos are shining examples of his ingenuity, especially when getting out of jams. Both examples indirectly relate to another dominant pattern in The Odyssey: disguise. (The soldiers "disguise" themselves in the body of the Trojan horse, while Odysseus and his men "disguise" themselves as rams to escape from Polyphemos.) Odysseus spends the last third of the poem disguised as a beggar, both to escape from harm until he can overthrow the suitors and to test others for loyalty. In addition, Athena appears frequently throughout the poem, often as the character Mentor, to provide aid to Odysseus or Telemakhos. Though he is usually a smart, decisive leader, Odysseus is prone to errors, and his deepest flaw is falling prey to temptation. His biggest mistakes come in the episode with Polyphemos as he first foolishly investigates the Kyklops' lair (and ends up getting trapped there), and then cannot resist shouting his name to Polyphemos after escaping (thus incurring Poseidon's wrath). If Odysseus' character changes over the course of The Odyssey, though, it pivots around temptation. After his errors with Polyphemos, Odysseus has his crew tie him up so he can hear†¹but not follow†¹the dangerously seductive song of the Seirenes. Disguised as a beggar in Ithaka, he is even more active in resisting temptation, allowing the suitors to abuse him as he bides his time. Temptation hurts his crew, as well, in their encounters with Kirke, the bag of winds from Aiolos, and the oxen of Helios. As Telemakhos tracks Odysseus' trail through stories from his old comrades-in-arms, Athena arranges for the release of Odysseus from the island of the beautiful goddess Kalypso, whose prisoner and lover he has been for the last eight years.